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First, the angular resolution (the smallest separation at which objects can be clearly distinguished) would be limited only by diffraction, rather than by the turbulence in the atmosphere, which causes stars to twinkle, known to astronomers as seeing. In it, he discussed the two main advantages that a space-based observatory would have over ground-based telescopes. The history of the Hubble Space Telescope can be traced back as far as 1946, to astronomer Lyman Spitzer's paper entitled "Astronomical advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory". Goddard and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky - published Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ("The Rocket into Planetary Space"), which mentioned how a telescope could be propelled into Earth orbit by a rocket. In 1923, Hermann Oberth - considered a father of modern rocketry, along with Robert H.

11.1 Orbital decay and controlled reentryĬonception, design and aim Proposals and precursors Īstronaut Owen Garriott working next to Skylab's crewed solar space observatory, 1973.7.2.4 Extending visible wavelength images.5.1 Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey.4 Servicing missions and new instruments.1.9 Challenger disaster, delays, and eventual launch.1.6 Computer systems and data processing.One successor to the Hubble telescope is the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which was launched on December 25, 2021. The telescope completed 30 years of operation in April 2020 and is predicted to last until 2030–2040. Griffin approved it, it was completed in 2009. The fifth mission was initially canceled on safety grounds following the Columbia disaster (2003), but after NASA administrator Michael D. Five Space Shuttle missions have repaired, upgraded, and replaced systems on the telescope, including all five of the main instruments. Hubble is the only telescope designed to be maintained in space by astronauts. The optics were corrected to their intended quality by a servicing mission in 1993. Hubble was finally launched in 1990, but its main mirror had been ground incorrectly, resulting in spherical aberration that compromised the telescope's capabilities. Its intended launch was 1983, but the project was beset by technical delays, budget problems, and the 1986 Challenger disaster. Hubble was funded in the 1970s and built by the United States space agency NASA with contributions from the European Space Agency. Space telescopes were proposed as early as 1923.

Many Hubble observations have led to breakthroughs in astrophysics, such as determining the rate of expansion of the universe. It has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images, allowing a deep view into space. Hubble's orbit outside the distortion of atmosphere of Earth allows it to capture extremely high-resolution images with substantially lower background light than ground-based telescopes. Hubble features a 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) mirror, and its five main instruments observe in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) selects Hubble's targets and processes the resulting data, while the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) controls the spacecraft. The Hubble telescope is named after astronomer Edwin Hubble and is one of NASA's Great Observatories, along with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (1991–2000), the Chandra X-ray Observatory (1999–present), and the Spitzer Space Telescope (2003–2020). It was not the first space telescope, but it is one of the largest and most versatile, renowned both as a vital research tool and as a public relations boon for astronomy. The Hubble Space Telescope (often referred to as HST or Hubble) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation.

Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer Near-infrared, visible light, ultraviolet Seen in orbit from the departing Space Shuttle Atlantis in 2009, flying Servicing Mission 4 ( STS-125), the fifth and final Hubble mission.ģ1 years, 10 months, 7 days (ongoing)